Instagram has become one of the most used social media applications worldwide, with more than 1.35 billion users in 2023 (Statista, 2023). Although Instagram can help people connect and interact with others, its inappropriate use can also have a negative impact on mental health.
A recent survey of almost 1,500 teens and young adults, revealed that participants rated Instagram as the worst social media network for their mental health and wellbeing (RSPH, 2017). It is possible that the positivity of Instagram is the main problem, with its emphasis on promoting ideal and sometimes unrealistic lifestyles. Instagram depicts perfect lives, events, and bodies that are not attainable for the majority of people. This data is relevant because 69.1% of Instagram users are under the age of 35 (Statista, 2023).
As an image-focused platform, the use of Instagram is usually reserved for the distribution of rich visual content such as photographs and short videos. Instagram is also well-known for its utilization of photo-enhancing filters and for enabling users to edit visual content before uploading it. Those filters allow Instagram users to be more visually appealing in their socio-cultural context. Similar to Facebook, Instagram endorses taking and sharing selfies. Recent research shows that selfies are becoming increasingly popular, representing one third of the pictures taken (McCrory et al., 2020); and authors like Srivastava et al. (2018) attribute this popularity to the need for social approval and positive affirmation. It is also important to mention that Instagram includes “stories,” encouraging users to share additional moments from their daily lives (Constine, 2018). These stories show the users’ personal and intimate lives in more detail than most traditional posts, increasing the time and efforts that users dedicate to Instagram.
It is plausible that these features encourage users to engage in excessive social comparison, which can lead to negative outcomes (Lup et al., 2015). Despite research about the mental health and wellbeing impact of Instagram still being in its infancy (McCrory et al., 2020), the negative effects of Instagram's excessive use are starting to be well documented:
Several studies have shown that the overall time spent in Instagram is associated with disordered eating symptoms (Fardourly et al., 2020; Haller 2021; Saunders & Eaton, 2018) and disordered attitudes (Stefana et al., 2022), which can be related to the users’ efforts to attain a thin-ideal. Those symptoms can include fasting, persistent dieting, calorie counting, eating in secret, binge eating, vomiting and laxative use, among others. McLaughlin (2017) suggested that disordered eating is usually associated with an internalization of a thin-ideal and body dissatisfaction.
Specifically, some researchers have found evidence of a close relationship between the use of Instagram and body image dissatisfaction in adolescents (Kleemans et al, 2018), college students (Hooper, 2017), and adults (Haller, 2021; Sherlock & Wagstaff, 2019). In particular, Fardourly et al. (2020) found that a higher frequency of appearance comparisons with others (and considering them more attractive than oneself) is strongly linked with body image dissatisfaction and eating-related disorders in both male and female teenagers. Additionally, Lemus (2022) identified a correlation between Instagram influence and its negative impact on body image in females aged between 18-45 years old.
Similarly, Marengo et al. (2018) observed that persons who use visual social media (like Instagram) expressed significantly greater dissatisfaction with their body image and higher emotional symptoms. Turner and Lefevre (2017) found that participants who followed healthy eating accounts on Instagram can have a tendency to develop orthorexia nervosa, an obsession with healthy eating. Finally, Brown and Tiggemann (2016) found that exposing women to celebrity and peer images on Instagram increased body dissatisfaction and negative mood, mediated again by appearance comparisons.
Taken together, those findings point towards the negative impact of Instagram on users’ (especially women’s) perceptions of their bodies and, more broadly, how they feel. As suggested by Tiggemann and Zaccardo (2016), exposure to images of thin, idealized bodies can impact one's body image, so the overrepresentation of these body stereotypes on Instagram can have serious negative effects.
Depression is a prevalent mood disorder characterized by a persistent sadness, loss of interest in activities one previously enjoyed, and the inability to carry out daily life activities.
Some studies suggest that the use of Instagram could aggravate those depressive symptoms. Passive social media use, like browsing others’ photos or scrolling down through comments or pictures has been linked to a depressive mood (Cataldo et al., 2021). For instance, a recent study revealed that the use of Instagram can increase depressive symptoms in 18-29 year old young adults (Frison & Eggermont, 2015). The same authors, using a stronger methodology, found that former browsing behavior in Instagram is related to a later increase in depressed mood (Frison & Eggermont, 2017).
Lup et al. (2015) also found that the frequency of Instagram usage was associated with depressive symptoms and more frequent negative social comparisons. Those results revealed that the relation between the use of Instagram and the increase of depressive symptomatology can be mediated by social comparison. Interestingly, it has been found that at the highest levels of strangers followed, more frequent Instagram use had direct associations with greater depressive symptoms. In a similar study conducted by Stefana et al. (2022), the researchers investigated the relationship between the amount of time spent on Instagram and the prevalence of depressive symptoms among users. Their findings revealed that social comparison played a significant role in mediating the association between Instagram usage and an increase in depressive symptoms. Taken together, the results of these studies provide evidence that the act of comparing oneself to others on Instagram can significantly contribute to negative mental health outcomes, particularly with respect to feelings of depression.
Finally, note that the frequency of Instagram usage has been directly associated with depressive symptoms in women aged between 18-35 years old (Sherlock & Wagstaff, 2019) and in adolescents (Yurdagül et al., 2019).
Anxiety-related symptoms usually overlap with depression, especially in youths. In social media in general, and in particular Instagram, anxiety can arise from being constantly connected, from a negative comparison with another person (Leduc, 2021), or from reduced emotion-regulation abilities (Cataldo et al., 2021). In fact, Instagram features, such as seeking online approval through the number of likes, or retaining the visibility of pictures that received positive feedback, can elicit excessive social comparison and rumination behaviors, increasing the levels of pre-existing anxiety.
Regarding Instagram usage, research has revealed strong associations with anxiety levels in different populations. One study reported that the frequency of its usage can be related to the levels of anxiety in women aged between 18-35 years old (Sherlock & Wagstaff, 2019). In a second study, a direct association has been found between Instagram usage and anxiety in boys, while in girls this association was mediated by body image dissatisfaction (Yurdagül et al., 2019). Fardourly et al. (2020) highlighted the link between social anxiety and the propensity of young users to compare their appearance with others' pictures on various platforms, including Youtube, Snapchat, and Instagram. Additionally, Awao et al. (2022) observed that increased Instagram and Snapchat usage during the pandemic was associated with higher anxiety levels, cumulative Covid-19–related stress appraisals, and higher levels of posttraumatic stress symptoms.
Despite the research about the effects of Instagram still being in its infancy, recent studies have shown that limiting the use of Instagram increases well-being by increasing sleep quality (Graham et al., 2020). The frequency of Instagram usage has also been found to correlate with decreased self-esteem in two distinct age groups: women aged between 18-45 years old (Lemus, 2022; Sherlock & Wagstaff, 2019) and adults aged between 18-35 years old (Radecke, 2022; Stefana et al., 2022). Furthermore, individuals with low self-esteem tend to place significant relevance on feedback from other users, such as the number of likes or other engagement on Instagram (Diefenbach & Anders, 2022).
Recent studies have also shown a relationship between the time spent by adolescents on Instagram, deliberate self-harm, and desensitization to deliberate self-harm, resulting in a normalization of this type of behavior (Moss et al., 2023). Furthermore, college students engaged in a negative social comparison with others in Instagram are more likely to present suicidal ideation (Spitzer et al., 2023).
Taken together, those studies show that psychological and psychiatric problems can be associated with a problematic usage of Instagram. However, some authors have also found that a correct and rational use of Instagram can have positive mental health outcomes. It is considered that the use of social media platforms like Facebook may result in social benefits, such as increased perception of aid and social support from others (Li et al., 2015), relational closeness (Vitak, 2012), and social capital (Aubrey & Rill, 2013) that is linked to benefits from interpersonal relationships and groups a person belongs to. In particular, regarding Instagram, Brailovskaia & Margraf (2018) found an association between Instagram membership and social support, extroversion, and life-satisfaction. In a similar way, Yang (2016) found that browsing on Instagram is associated with lower loneliness among undergraduate students.
Given this context, some recommendations are needed to take into consideration, for a correct use of Instagram. Recognized psychologists like Jelena Kecmanovic (expert in Cognitive Behavior Therapy) or UNICEF identified some tips that you must take into consideration:
Relax VR helps people relax using Virtual Reality. We do this by combining exposure to natural VR scenes, guided meditations, essential oils, and binaural beats music.
As the literature has started to prove the psychological problems associated with the use of Instagram and Facebook, Relax VR decided in 2021 to shut down its corresponding accounts.
See Also: The Effects of Facebook, YouTube and TikTok on Mental Health
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